Looking Back: The Old-Time Radio Hobby from 1959 to 1971, Pt. 2

This article originally appeared in The Old Radio Times, March 2007.

The March 1977 issue of Airwaves states that tape collectors began networking in the ‘60s, seeking out others who may have saved some of the recently departed radio programs. The autumn 1970 Epilogue identifies that by 1965 members had created a small but active trading circle, including Ed Corcoran, Lawrence Sharpe, Hugh Carlson, and Roy Brink. Do these names sound familiar to any old-timers? 

Interest in old-time radio was wide-spread enough that Jim Harmon began publishing his Great Radio Heroes fanzine in the mid-60s. I have yet to see any of these old publications. Harmon’s classic book The Great Radio Heroes was published in 1967. A year later Mary Jane Higby’s reminisces of radio acting hit the book market in Tune in Tomorrow. Both of these early contributions to OTR literature are readily and inexpensively available. 

The May 1971 issue of Stay Tuned reports that a survey reported its readers had been collecting for an average of 4.7 years (the number of respondents was not mentioned), marking 1966/7 as an average starting point. Obviously, a number of the respondents had been active longer than 4.7 years, pushing their collecting back to the early and mid-60’s. The March 1977 Airwaves goes on to estimate that by 1969 there may have been 100 active OTR collectors. I think that number must be considerably higher. 

Radio Dial’s autumn, 1970, issue states that the Radio Historical Society had 600 members in 1970 and was growing at such a rate that they hoped membership would hit 1,000 the following year. Epilogue number 3 (Summer 1971?) mentions Memphis State’s Dr. Marvin Bensman mailing 300 OTR fans seeking input about a proposed radio archive. The mailings must have gone out in late 1970 or early 1971. The May 1971 issue of Stay Tuned says the magazine cut its printing run from 600 to 300 when they started charging. Back issues at the time were gone, so at least 600 fans had shown interest while it was free. The hobby may have numbered closer to 1,000 in the very early 1970s, assuming there were a few hundred fans who did not subscribe to any fanzines or join the Radio Historical Society. 

Therefore, it seems reasonable to conclude the hobby had closer to 1,000 participants by the turn of the decade, rather than the 100 estimated in Airwaves. This was stunning for me. By 1970, a point at which I previously thought the OTR hobby was just beginning to come into existence, the collecting and sharing of old radio drama programs was actually a well-developed hobby over a decade old with at least one publication dating to the mid- 60s and a handful of others just then getting off the ground (Hello Again, Radio Dial, and Epilogue). There were also by then the earliest books of the old-time radio genre. 

The hobby started strong in the 1970s. All three of the above fanzines started (as best I can tell) in 1970. By now a healthy number of shows were in circulation, allowing fans to pursue their own interests without running out of material. Jim Beshears is just now making his way through some vintage trading catalogs, getting a feel for shows that were making the rounds. He is finding many that don’t seem to be in circulation today. 

The February 1972 Stay Tuned notes that David Goldin had 10,000 shows in his collection at that point, though he’s quoted as saying much of his material was not yet cataloged. The June 1973 Hello Again reports Chuck Schaden’s collection at 12,000 programs. In both cases, many shows of these two collectors may not have been in wide circulation. However, personal trading ads of the time identify many individuals with hundreds and even a couple thousand of hours of shows. 

To top off the arrival of OTR has a solid hobby, December 4, 1971, witnessed the First East Coast Convention of Golden Radio Buffs (now known as the FOTR in Newark). Last but not least, the hobby finally had a name: old-time radio. The first use of the specific term in its entirety is the autumn 1970 issue of Epilogue. 

At this point I want to wrap up my first piece on the history of our great hobby. The 1970s was an explosive decade for the hobby, far beyond what I can cover now. There was tremendous growth in the size of the conventions, the quality of publications, the number of OTR books, and number of newly released shows. It was definitely an exciting time to be and old time radio fan. 

By 1971, the hobby had fanzines, a convention, and a large number of shows circulating. I’m going to step out on a limb and suggest that the modern hobby as it exists today is not fundamentally different than it was 33 years ago.

Looking Back: The Old-Time Radio Hobby from 1959 to 1971, Pt. 1

This article originally appeared in The Old Radio Times, March 2007.

In a previous article I discussed my opinions on the future of this hobby and declared that we are now in the tail end of the hobby’s Golden Age. Having spent further time wading through hobby fanzines from the early 70s I want to put that initial assessment on hold and spend some time writing about our great hobby’s history. At a later point maybe I’ll feel more comfortable declaring a specific time period as our Golden Age. 

This month I want to look at our formative years, from 1959 to 1971. I must admit that in reading the old fanzines the Radio Researchers has acquired has drastically changed my perception of the hobby. These publications have given me a real appreciation for two aspects of this great hobby: 1) just how far back old-time radio collecting and trading goes, and 2) just how long some individuals have been active in old-time radio. 

My interest in pursuing this topic in more detail was sparked by reading an article by Joe Webb (a very active Researcher, I might add, and one who has donated a considerable number of scarce fanzines) in the second issue (December, 1976) of Airwaves. There he initiates a series of articles tracing “Our Hobby’s Roots.” This floored me. Up until I read this piece, I’d always viewed the early to mid-‘70s as the developing years of old-time radio collecting. Wrong! 

In January 1977 the series of articles continues and mentions (too briefly) radio listeners cutting their own discs on home recorders and radio employees copying shows aired on their stations. According to this article, many of our existing shows from the ‘30s and early ‘40s survive because of the pioneering home recorders. One of these pioneers was George Schatz who recalled making poor-quality off-the-air recordings of some Ronald Coleman programs in the late 1930s (NARA News, Winter 1982-83). 

These occurrences were rare, however, and the writer points to the late 1940s as the real beginning of OTR collecting with the advent of the wire recorder. Apparently at least a few individuals were collecting transcription discs. By 1944 Schatz, mentioned above, had sixteen Everything for the Boys transcriptions. Because he was specifically saving them to preserve Coleman’s work, I would consider him a very early old-time radio hobbyist. 

Soon after, in the 1950s, tape recorders were widespread enough that fans could tape their favorite shows off the air. One contributor to Epilogue (Sept-Oct-Nov, 1970, the premier issue) mentions recording shows as early as 1953 so that he could listen to them at a more convenient time. He then erased them (much to his later dismay) to tape other programs! 

While it’s impossible to reasonably estimate how many people actively recorded shows during the 1950s, I feel the last half of the decade must be considered the beginning point for the OTR collecting hobby. The May 1973 Hello Again mentions that Bill Weiss started collecting (not just recording for later listening) in 1959, recording many shows off the air. Perhaps you have some of his recordings in your library. Similarly, Mr. Jennings (writing in the Sept-Oct-Nov 1970, Epilogue) notes that he (along with a friend, Jim Moulder) began actively collecting in 1959, taping shows off the air. Besides Mr. Schatz, mentioned earlier, my limited research of early OTR literature has found these to be the first conclusive and specific dates for individuals purposefully taping and saving radio drama. How widespread sharing or trading shows was at this point is unclear. 

Therefore, I have tentatively designated 1959 as the beginning of our hobby. I believe the true date is earlier, probably early to mid 50s; further research could lead to an earlier year. In any case, it is clear that the practice of saving radio drama for future enjoyment (and possibly to trade) overlaps with the last years of radio’s Golden Age. The autumn 1970 Radio Dial relates that the Radio Historical Society was founded in 1959. The group’s focus during its initial years is unclear but by 1970 it was, for all intents and purposes, an OTR club. Was the RHS an organized effort to save and share these classic programs at such an early year? Let me know if you have more information on that group’s origins. 

The hobby slowly picked up steam as the 1960’s progressed. Old-time radio began to be rerun on stations across the nation, keeping the memory of at least the more popular series alive. Much of this was due to the efforts of Charles Michealson, whose work is worth its own article. By the ’60’s it was clearly recognized that the heyday of radio drama was over; the reruns capitalized on the nostalgia of young adults who still had passing memories of listening to at least a few of these shows in their childhood. The reruns certainly allowed for many older programs to be recorded off the air long after their original broadcast. Many fans realized these classic shows likely would be gone completely in a short time and avidly taped all they could.

More WREN News, 1942

Old-Time Radio in the Classroom, Pt. 2

This article originally appeared in The Old Radio Times, June 2006.

Student Skill Sets

Many skill sets are utilized with old-time radio depending on whether students are listening to a program or enacting one.

Writing: Writing can be used with either aspect of the medium. While listening to a historical program, students can make note of historical references from their readings and keep track of new information acquired. Students can also write a description of the show’s setting, or of the characters. As there is no right or wrong outcome to such activities it can lead to interesting comparisons and debates after the listening is done.

When teaching 8th grade Kansas history my students enjoyed listening to Gunsmoke (later a television series), a program set in post-Civil War Dodge City, Kansas. Students made notes of issues studied in class that were mentioned in the show such as the buffalo hunters and the tension between farmers and ranchers.

A more in-depth writing activity is creating an original audio play. Traditional writing themes of structure and characterization all apply but an extra challenge is added when information cannot be imparted through visual clues or extended monologue description. This activity can easily be added to any teacher’s toolbox.

Analysis: Howard Blue, a former social studies teacher in New York, used original radio scripts about D-Day and the Black Plague in teaching secondary students. He found it to be an effective tool in analyzing propaganda in both historical and contemporary settings. Some students were interested enough to recreate these old scripts. Greg Butler, a reading teacher, uses an episode of Suspense to analyze how a writer can create and build tension in a story.

Speech: Audio plays can be used in building speech and public presentation skills as a “part-way” activity. Students stand and speak before their peers but with less pressure since the audience’s visual attention is elsewhere. Speech skills such as tone, speed, inflection, and projection can all be practiced with an audience but without all the usual pressure.

Fine Motor/Listening: Creating an audio play provides the opportunity to develop fine motor skills with younger students. As mentioned above, sound effects in such productions are very important, thus creating extra incentive for students to focus on the required actions. Audio plays are also a discrete way to reinforce such basic skills as listening and following directions. A mist-timed line or sound effect due to inattention can hamper the rhythm and atmosphere of the piece.

Listening comprehension: Michael Kallam, now a professor of special education at Midwestern State University in Texas, found OTR programs extremely effective while teaching in a special education environment. After discovering that many of his students had poor listening comprehension, he “started looking around and found that there was really no place in the school where listening comprehension was taught or practiced. It was simply an ‘enabling skill’ that was presumed to be intact and functional for all students.”

In order to build listening comprehension skills Michael chose Adventures By Morse (by highly regarded radio writer Carlton E. Morse), an adventure serial from the 1940’s, in the hope that the stories would engage the student’s attention. Despite initial skepticism, the students found themselves engaged by the material and Michael was able to track improvement in listening comprehension by using questions he formulated based on the performance. In fact, the students were so engaged that eventually he used the show as a reward.

Conclusion

As outlined above, old-time radio provides a number of fresh learning avenues in the classroom. These brief ase studies offer a glimpse of the range of activities in which OTR has been used successfully in a variety of classroom settings. Though long gone as a major entertainment medium, old-time radio can still facilitate learning and creativity in young minds.

WREN News, 1942

Here are some clippings about Lawrence, KS station WREN from Broadcasting, 1942.

Old-Time Radio in the Classroom, Pt. 1

This article originally appeared in The Old Radio Times, June 2006.

Golden-Age radio dramatic programs, commonly referred to as old-time radio or OTR, were aired from roughly 1930 to 1960. Preserved and shared by a small number of enthusiasts over the past decades, OTR programs are now gaining a larger audience with the spread of digital technologies. At the same time they are finding their way into the classroom. 

Student Populations 

Audio drama can be a beneficial teaching tool with a wide variety of student populations. Like television today, old-time radio programs were aimed at different audiences, from the very young to the adult. With this range in program content, OTR can be effectively used with all ages in the classroom. Similarly, whether listening to original programs, reading old scripts, or creating new audio plays, activities can be adapted and used across the teaching spectrum. 

Non-native English speakers: Old-time radio can be used with both native and non-native English speakers. Richard Schmauss teaches English to Japanese students. Using a basic audio-editing program on his computer he has strung together clips from Yours Truly, Johnny Dollar, a show about a private insurance investigator. After students have listened to the clips, Richard asks questions similar to those found in the Test of English for International Communications. He reports “astonishing success” and hopes to automate the process by creating interactive multi-media web pages. 

Shy/Physically Disabled students: Recreating OTR broadcasts or writing new audio plays can be an effective adaptation of a more traditional dramatic activity. For students uncomfortable performing in front of their peers, possibly due to a bashful personality or a physical disability, an audio-only performance can be liberating. While an audio play is performed classmates can (and should) focus their visual attention elsewhere. The listeners can work on an art project or complete a writing based on the performance. This keeps their visual attention off the actors, thus lessening performance anxiety. 

Hyperactive Students: Audio-only plays can be an ideal task for hyperactive students who have difficulty maintaining control in a full- action dramatic activity. With most of the acting done via vocal inflection, physical action is minimal. The nature of an audio play provides boundaries for students who are prone to struggle with self-control during performance-based activities. 

A good OTR-style performance relies heavily on sound effects to make up for the lack of visual clues and description. The same over-active students mentioned above can find an outlet for their energies in discovering sounds that can be used as effects for the play. It is also an ideal platform for those students who have an uncanny talent at creating novel, and often disruptive, noises. Within the confines of the script being performed, what is usually an irritant (often leading to a reprimand or worse) now becomes a legitimate, even crucial, part of a learning activity. These sound effects are necessary if an audio play is not to be confusing to the listener or dull because of excessive narration. A student waving a sheet of tin foil to create thunder creates much more drama than an actor announcing that a thunderstorm is occurring in the story.